物光参考光同光轴的体全息存储光学系统设计

将两块漫射板分别置于输入面的两侧,使物光和参考光同光轴,可以使体全息存储傅里叶变换光学系统更为紧凑。然而,在这种全息存储光学系统中,物光和参考光的总数值孔径较物光数值孔径大很多。分析这种体全息存储光学系统物光和参考光光路的设计要求和光学参量的确定;采用多重结构方法对物光正向光路、逆向光路和参考光光路同时优化设计,实现对物光光路二对物像共扼位置控制像差,并满足参考光光路的要求;给出前后组焦距分别为33 mm和30 mm的物光和参考光同光轴,前工作距为30 mm,物光和参考光总数值孔径为0.53的全息存储光学系统的设计结果。系统的波像差小于0.071λ,达到衍射极限。     

Weighted norm inequalities for the maximal function on spaces of homogeneous type

A characterization is obtained for weight function v for which the Hardy-Littlewood operator relative to a metric d is bounded from L^P(X, wdμ) to L^P(X, vdμ) for some nontrivial w, where (X, d, μ) is a space of homogeneous type. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China.     

An ultrasensitive conformation-dependent colorimetric probe for the detection of mercury(II) using exonuclease III-assisted target recycling and gold nanoparticles

An ultrasensitive conformation-dependent colorimetric assay has been developed for the detection of mercury(II) ions. It is based on the use of exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted target recycling and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the absence of Hg(II), the hairpin-shaped DNA probe (H-DNA) binds to AuNPs and stabilizes them in solutions of high ionic strength. In the presence of Hg(II), on the other hand, the sticky termini of the H-DNA form a rigid DNA duplex stem with a blunt 3′-terminus. Thus, Exo III is activated as a biocatalyst for selective and stepwise removal of mononucleotides from the 3′-terminus of the H-DNA. As a result, Hg(II) is released from the T?Hg(II)?T complexes. The guanine-rich sequences released from the H-DNA are then self-assembled with potassium ion to form a stable G-quadruplex conformation. In solutions of high ionic strength, this results in aggregation of AuNPs and a color change from red to blue which can be seen with bare eyes. The method is highly sensitive and selective. It has a linear response in the 10 pM to 100 nM Hg(II) concentration range, and the detection limit is as low as 3.2 pM (at an S/N ratio of 3). The relative standard deviation at a level of 0.5 nM of Hg(II) is 4.9% (for n?=?10). The method was applied to the detection of Hg(II) in spiked environment water samples, with recoveries ranging from 92% to 106%.

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Graphical abstract A conformation-dependent colorimetric system was fabricated for label-free detection of mercury(II) by utilizing exonuclease III(Exo III)-assisted target recycling and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

     

Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Dearomative [2+2]‐Cycloaddition of Indoles with Activated Allenes: A Combined Experimental–Computational Study

The gold‐catalyzed synthesis of methylidene 2,3‐cyclobutane‐indoles is documented through a combined experimental/computational investigation. Besides optimizing the racemic synthesis of the tricyclic indole compounds, the enantioselective variant is presented to its full extent. In particular, the scope of the reaction encompasses both aryloxyallenes and allenamides as electrophilic partners providing high yields and excellent stereochemical controls in the desired cycloadducts. The computational (DFT) investigation has fully elucidated the reaction mechanism providing clear evidence for a two‐step reaction. Two parallel reaction pathways explain the regioisomeric products obtained under kinetic and thermodynamic conditions. In both cases, the dearomative C?C bond‐forming event turned out to be the rate‐determining step.     

Sub-nanometer,Ultrafine α-Fe2O3 Sheets Realized by Controlled Crystallization Kinetics for Stable,High-Performance Energy Storage

The development of energy devices based on iron oxides/hydroxides is largely hindered by their poor conductivity and large volume changes, especially with regard to specific capacitance and cycle stability. Herein, superior capacitance (1575 F g⁻¹ at 1.25 A g⁻¹) and high rate performance (955 F g⁻¹ at 25 A g⁻¹) were realized by synthesizing sub-nanometer, ultrafine α-Fe₂O₃ sheets loaded on graphene (SU-Fe₂O₃-rGO). An assembled asymmetric supercapacitor showed outstanding cycle stability (106 % retention after 30 000 cycles). This excellent performance arises from the unique structural characteristics of the α-Fe₂O₃ sheets, which not only enrich electrochemically reactive sites, but also largely eliminate the volume changes after long-term charge/discharge cycling. The synthesis of SU-Fe₂O₃-rGO critically depends on control of the crystallization kinetics during growth. A controlled heterogeneous nucleation mechanism results in the formation of atomically thin α-Fe₂O₃ sheets on graphene rather than large particles in solvent, as clarified by theoretical calculations. This strategy paves a new way to synthesizing atomically thin transition metal oxide sheets and low-cost, eco-friendly iron-based energy storage.     

液体的fragility及其与玻璃固体力学性能的关联

Angell在20世纪80年代提出的液体fragility概念, 为认识玻璃态本质打开了一扇新的窗口, 是联系玻璃形成液体和固体的纽带. 目前, 玻璃转变的主流理论(如模态耦合理论、势能形貌等)围绕fragility展开的研究已经成为玻 璃科学领域的一个热点; fragility与玻璃固体基本力学性能之间的关联研究为力学工作者开辟了一片新的研究领 域.本文将就玻璃态转变相关基本现象、表征玻璃态转变动力学行为的代表性理论、液体 fragility与玻璃固体力学性能关联研究现状进行分析评述, 并就本领域今后值得关注的问 题进行展望.     

Synthesis of Supported Ultrafine Non‐noble Subnanometer‐Scale Metal Particles Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks as Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts

The properties of supported non‐noble metal particles with a size of less than 1 nm are unknown because their synthesis is a challenge. A strategy has now been created to immobilize ultrafine non‐noble metal particles on supports using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as metal precursors. Ni/SiO₂ and Co/SiO₂ catalysts were synthesized with an average metal particle size of 0.9 nm. The metal nanoparticles were immobilized uniformly on the support with a metal loading of about 20 wt %. Interestingly, the ultrafine non‐noble metal particles exhibited very high activity for liquid‐phase hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane even at 80 °C, while Ni/SiO₂ with larger Ni particles fabricated by a conventional method was not active under the same conditions.     

Activated hierarchical porous carbon@π-conjugated polymer composite as cathode for high-performance lithium storage

Organic compounds become promising candidates for cathodes of rechargeable lithium battery (RLB) due to the high theoretical capacity and improved safety. However, they exhibit low conductivity and easy dissolution in electrolyte, which leads to the low utilization of active materials and poor cycling stability of RLBs. Here, we synthesize a novel composite of activated hierarchical porous carbon supporting poly(1,5-diamino-anthraquinone) (aHPC@PDAA), using Ce(SO₄)₂ as oxidant and naphthalenesulfonic acid (NSA) as soft template for PDAA. The as-synthesized composite exhibits uniformly nanoporous structure with nano-sized PDAA particles distributed homogenously inside and outside of pores. The aHPC@PDAA cathode for RLBs achieves high electrochemical performance with a discharge capacity as much as 250 mAh g^?1 at the current density of 100 mA g^?1, which still maintains 176 mAh g^?1 after 2000 charging-discharging cycles.     

Enhancing reaction rate of transesterification of glycerol monostearate and methanol by CO(2)

The effect of CO2 as a green additive on the reaction rate of transesterification of glycerol monostearate with methanol was studied at 333.15 and 343.15 K up to 10.5 MPa. It was demonstrated that addition of CO2 in the reaction system could increase the reaction rate significantly. The phase behavior of the CO2+methanol+ glycerol monostearate ternary system was also determined at 333.15 and 343.15 K. It is shown that addition of CO2 can enhance the miscibility of the reactant. The main reasons for the reaction rate enhancement are that CO2 can enhance the miscibility of the reactants, reduce the viscosity of the reaction mixture, and increase the diffusion coefficients of the reactants.